The paper analyzes the functions that make it possible to mathematically describe the air flow during filling / emptying of the brake actuator, and also presents a mathematical model of dependencies that allow describing the operation of the brake actuator of a car. Based on the analyzed dependencies, a simulation model of braking of a car equipped with an electro-pneumatic brake drive (based on MAZ - 256200) was created. The analyzed dependencies and the proposed braking simulation model for the MAZ-256200 car made it possible to investigate the wobbling of the use of different loss functions when designing a car brake drive for the realized grip of the wheel with the road surface.

The article considers the main causes of failures, reveals the value of the time between failures, determines the reliability indicators and statistical characteristics of low-maintenance lead-acid batteries installed on city buses. The review showed that batteries do not develop their standard resource. The main reason is the sulfation of the battery plates. To solve this problem, it is proposed to install a charger with the “desulfation” function in battery areas in bus depots, aimed at increasing the battery life, a technological process of “desulfation” was also drawn up using the example of a 6CT210 L battery on the device. Zeus-R-30A.32V. To determine the operating time at which it is necessary to carry out the proposed event, a gamma-percentage resource was found, which corresponds to the moment of the second TO-2.

The cost of repairing road clothes depends mainly on the cost of asphalt concrete mixtures. Currently, due to a significant rise in the price of energy resources, as well as an increase in prices for bitumen, mineral aggregates and transportation of materials to the place of their use, the issues of choosing economical technologies for repairing road clothes are of paramount importance. In recent decades, special attention has been paid to technologies of cold regeneration of asphalt concrete. These technologies are widely used both in Russia and abroad. At the same time, the question arises about the influence of layers of regenerated asphalt concrete on the strength and rigidity of the repaired pavement, the possibility of the formation of a track in it from the transport load. You can answer this question by creating a digital model of the coating structure. To create digital models of structures that are exposed to various types of impacts, computer software products in the form of finite element complexes are currently widely used.

New names and varieties of road construction materials have appeared in pavement structures, primarily various foreign asphalt concretes.  This problematizes the objectivity of the design asphalt concrete characteristics specified in the regulatory documents. Moreover, there is a tendency to change the design characteristics of asphalt concrete from one regulatory document to another. This calls into question their validity. Clear as bell there isn’t any information about theoretical or empirical studies of the design characteristics of new asphalt concrete types according PNST 542-2021 on the territory of the Russian Federation. The authors propose to use a graphical analytical technique in order to eliminate the identified significant shortcoming in the modern domestic regulatory framework. This method builds the transition from well-studied asphalt concretes domestic school of materials science to Western European asphalt concretes, which are innovative in our country. The results obtained for such asphalt concretes can be used for improving both all strength criteria in the standard pavements design methodology in general, and the calculation of tension in bending in particular.

The paper considers the designs of hinged mobile frontal barriers (HMFB, TMA) installed on cover vehicles (CP) and designed to improve safety on public roads during short-term road works. The comparison with trailed structures TMA made it possible to determine the advantages and disadvantages of various hinged structures. A review of the regulations for full-scale tests of the passive safety of the structures under consideration in the Russian Federation and abroad was carried out. A method is proposed for a two-stage digital virtual analysis of the TMA design at the design stage, which makes it possible to identify the features of work and evaluate the performance characteristics of the structure. The method is based on sequential finite element static and dynamic modeling of structure loading using numerical analysis. Some results of the design analysis of the typical design of the TMA are given.

The article describes the main destruction and deformation of cement concrete coatings at a low level of content, as well as factors affecting their formation. The most effective ways to improve the operational characteristics and, accordingly, the service life of cement concrete coatings are considered. Complex execution of works, based on the methods discussed in this article, will extend the service life of cement concrete coatings, as well as reduce the costs associated with performing repair work to eliminate the resulting deformations and destructions.

One of the ways to decrease expenditures while installing road surface layers is to reduce the thickness of the construction by using the "compact-asphalt" technology. In spite of the availability of publications and expert opinions about the effectiveness of the uninterrupted paving-technology asphalt mixtures without losing durability of road surface layers, regular methods of construction road surface layers do not give an opportunity to combine several layers of asphalt mixtures in process of strength calculation. The article represents the results of a mathematic experiment, which value the effect of the joint paving the lower covering layer and the upper base layer in three-layer asphalt packages on the change durability of the rode surface layers. It has shown, that in the case of using the «compact-asphalt» technology, could be achieved a certain reserve of strength, depending on the total number of rated load applications over the service life of the road surface layers. The developed approach could be included in the renewed normative documents for the flexible pavement design. 

This paper presents the results of a study of the functional operating life of horizontal road markings in order to assess the probability of a dangerous event. The lighting characteristics of the marking were considered as parameters affecting the risk of a dangerous event. Measurements of the lighting parameters of road markings were carried out on the highways of Ⅰ–Ⅲ categories in the Russian Federation in 2019-2021. Based on the measurement results, the probability of occurrence of a dangerous event (risk) for various types of lines was calculated. It was found that not all of the lighting parameters of road markings provided a "moderate" level of risk of a dangerous event, adopted for the road sector. Ways to reduce risks and directions for further research have been supposed.

The main advantages of concrete road barriers are considered. The prospects and economic benefits from the further development and use of concrete barrier are shown. Methods for their calculation are described.

The vast majority of highways, and high-speed highways in particular, have asphalt concrete pavement. At the same time, one of the main problems on multi-lane highways with high traffic intensity is the high rate of track formation. Recent studies show that during the formation of a track on high-speed highways, the process of accumulation of shear forces in the upper layers of asphalt concrete coatings and associated internal deformations, which increase many times with increasing speed and number of vehicles, and not only the resistance of the mineral filler to abrasive abrasion, is of key importance. The system of volumetric-functional design of asphalt concrete (aka "Superpave", hereinafter referred to as OFP, volumetric–functional design) allows to solve this problem to a large extent, since one of its main principles is a thorough assessment of the properties of bitumen binder for resistance to shear loads that cause internal stresses destructive to asphalt concrete.

Telescopic loaders are being intensively exploited all over the world, as a result of which there is a problem of choosing the highest quality and cheapest copy. The article compares Caterpillar telescopic loaders with different load capacities, since this parameter is the most important for this type of equipment. For comparison, the following telescopic loaders are presented: TL1255D, TL943D, TL642D. Based on the results of the calculations performed, the cost of work of each telescopic loader was obtained and a graph of the dependence of the cost on the amount of work was constructed, according to which one can clearly see which of the loaders is the most effective for a specific amount of work.

In conditions of maintaining a favorable foreign economic environment and increasing effective domestic demand, Russia's foreign trade activity is one of the most important factors in the development of the national economy and economic stabilization of the country. The current state of the foreign trade system of the Russian Federation is due to the country's foreign economic potential, which is influenced by external and internal factors.

The article examines modern foreign trade relations of Russia, identifies their features at the macro level, and also evaluates significant indicators of the foreign trade policy of the national economy. Using the components of the macroeconomic environment, the authors identified critical points and factors determining the state of exports and imports. Conclusions are drawn about the need to develop a program to create favorable conditions for the foreign trade system of Russia. The authors have substantiated the relationship between the state's foreign economic policy and the terms of trade with the equilibrium in the four main macroeconomic markets.

The project team is a necessary element in the creation of a project, when forming a team, it is necessary to take into account all aspects in which participants will interact with each other, what barriers and conflicts may arise and how they can be resolved. This article discusses team planning, project roles, team structure and building, barriers to effective team development and conflict resolution methods. As well as the differences of the project teams in the PMBoK, PRINCE2 and ICB IPMA PMI standards.

The passenger transport services market is a complex system. The main market participants (passengers, transport companies and the government) are in continuous interaction under certain socio-economic conditions. Modeling complex systems based on game theory is a promising area of research, which allows to establish the equilibrium strategies of transport companies and the government. The strategies of transport companies are the decisions made to adjust the transport modes parameters. Government strategies include decisions on the level of subsidies for transport modes.

The article describes the procedure for the development of the intercity passenger transportation market model. The market model is built on the basis of the travel mode choice logit model. Target functions of transport companies are presented. Market modeling for four variants of competitive interaction conditions is made and the results are presented. The interaction conditions are determined by active or passive positions of transport companies.

The article discusses the possible consequences of the impact of molecular, cellular, nuclear and nano technologies on humanity in the aspect of philosophical knowledge. It is noted that in the XXI century there was a scientific revolution in biology, which marked the beginning of a new phase of technological development, the main object of transformation of which is the human personality. The author emphasizes that as a result of this technological breakthrough, humanity has suddenly encountered non-standard threats to the survival of the human species. Modern discoveries and achievements in molecular biology, genetics and related sciences, including bioengineering, allow us to talk about the possible expansion of the individual capabilities of a person and his modification, about the emergence of a "superman". However, the process of radical transformation of man puts mankind before a difficult ethical choice.

The article is devoted to the stages of formation of personal beliefs. The author designates them as knowledge, emotions, will, ideas and shows a real complex picture of the interaction of these nodal points. The author notes that the process takes place without dividing the stages, as if simultaneously: knowledge is acquired and the emotional-volitional sphere develops. He traces the influence of the laws of dialectics on the whole process, for example, the dialectic of the part and the whole. Indeed, in this case, there is an interdependence not only between individual nodal points of beliefs, but also between the belief and each of its other parts. This dialectical process is a collision of various contradictions (the desire and unwillingness to comprehend knowledge, aspirations and deviations from the goal). As a result of a person's struggle with himself, a qualitative change is made (the law of the transition of quantity into quality). The author examines the interaction of belief and faith with scientific worldviews and concludes that scientific knowledge, which has become an inner conviction of a person, is colored by the whole gamut of feelings and emotions and turns into faith, which ultimately activates his practical activity. Belief attracts everything that suits it, and repels everything incompatible. This is the evaluation function of the assurance.

The article attempts to analyze the development of the party system in modern Russia during the 2021 parliamentary elections. The most important institutions of the discipline "Political Science" are considered as political power, political process, political regime, party system, parties, democracy, electorate, etc. The author tries to show that the general strategy of conservative modernization in Russia and the problems of developing social stratification and mobility of society significantly hinder the political and, specifically, the party system, party pluralism and ideological diversity in the country. The article summarizes some of the most important results of the last parliamentary elections in Russia, the alignment of parties, their rating before and during the elections, the balance of power in the new composition of the State Duma. The author tries to highlight the most significant reasons for the curbing of the process of party building, the difficulties of the genesis of new parties, the reasons for the decline of the role of old parliamentary parties, the electoral passivity of half of the country's population, primarily student youth and an educated, qualified part of the population of large cities ov Russia.

The article is devoted to the current situation in which our life and our current understanding take place. The author seeks to consider the structure of understanding in the modern world as a multilateral and multilevel process in which events taking place in the modern world are as important as language, metalanguages and object languages, as well as additional means of communication (empathy, assertiveness, gestures, communication context, etc.). The author shows that in the modern situation understanding is enhanced not so much by additional means of communication and communication, but by the content itself. To analyze the origins of the modern theory of understanding, in which the situation of understanding is extremely important, the author turns to the founder of philosophical hermeneutics H.-G.Gadamer [1], researcher of the ontological nature of language M.Heidegger [2], language theorist L. Wittgenstein [3]. As well as modern bloggers, columnists and media personalities who are translators of the modern language of communication. The author presents the understanding not only included in the cultural and historical tradition [1] and a certain linguistic context, but also depending on the content that dictates a certain style of behavior. The author comes to the conclusion that the understanding of the current situation includes new ways and means of expressing meaning and occurs and changes depending on changes in the context, that is, the content of the message.

The article considers the problem of the need to transform philosophical ideological foundations in the conditions of acute ideological antagonism in the world. Humanity needs to abandon the dominant European-centric culture. The solution to the problem can be the conscious implementation of a project called "intercultural philosophy". Intercultural philosophy presupposes the need for recognition, cognition and synthesis of the entire spectrum of philosophical traditions that have existed and exist in the world. As a methodology of the cognitive process, a heuristic function is proposed that is able to reformulate the problem, transform cultural experience. The tradition of heuristics (Greek. I find, I open) goes back to Ancient Greek philosophy. In the culture of Modern times, within the framework of non-classical and post-non-classical models of science, non-classical models and algorithms of cognitive activity are proposed. In the middle of the 20th century. Merton actualized the concept of "serendipity" as a methodological heuristic that contributes to the expansion or emergence of a new theory due to random, anomalous, unforeseen facts. K.Popper proposed the principle of falsification as a criterion of the scientific method, as a way to modernize classical theory. I. Lakatos justified the role of the heuristic function in research activities, introduces the concept of "research program", "positive heuristics", "negative heuristics" as a methodology aimed at finding solutions in non-standard situations. The ideas of randomness and insight are now used in mathematics as a formal system model, which is widely used in the technical and technological fields. The methodological approach based on heuristics is legal for any research activity, including the issue of increment of philosophical knowledge proper. The heuristic function in the process of forming an intercultural philosophy, as an innovative worldview model, can become fundamental.