This article discusses various types of tire testers -measuring systems used to test tires for traction with the road surface during acceleration and braking in real road conditions.

The article provides a justification for the need for strict compliance and regulation of the parameters of the coupling properties of the tire and road surface.

The methods of determining the coefficient of sliding of wheels were given in order to identify their coupling properties with the roadbed, the factors and materials affecting the quality of adhesion were outlined. Bus testers are proposed in the work, a comparative analysis of these devices is carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of the applied measuring systems are revealed.

The article considers an express method for controlling the degree of soil compaction based on the amount of energy expended on compaction by an articulated compacting unit DET-250M - PVK-70EA. The compacting unit itself, the schemes of its movement along the working site and their features were studied, the most suitable scheme of movement was chosen. Also, the possibility of fully automating the workflow for soil compaction due to the provision of directional stability and with the help of devices that measure the path and analyze the density of the soil is considered. The device and its functional scheme, which determines the degree of soil compaction, is studied, which is based on the considered express method.

This article discusses the problems of creating and testing a methodology for using a hardware-software complex for developing and conducting virtual tests that meet the requirements of “New Automated Test Methods” (NATM): detect and respond to object actions; ensure the validation of security systems; take into account the developments of other working groups of WP.29; take into account existing data, research and technical standards, that is, capable of performing simulation / virtual testing with a given degree of accuracy and convergence (adequacy) of the results.

The article deals with the kinematics of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The movement of the UAV as a material point is considered in an elliptical coordinate system. The position of the UAV in this coordinate system is determined based on the difference-rangefinder information that can be obtained from two navigation stations. In order to generate control actions to ensure the movement of the UAV along a given trajectory, it is necessary to determine the accelerations of the UAV that occur when moving along a specific trajectory. As an example of solving a problem of this kind, the motion of a point along one of the coordinate lines with a constant velocity modulo is considered. An expression is obtained that allows calculating the acceleration of a point based on data on elliptical coordinates, that is, without resorting to calculating the radius of curvature of the trajectory.

The key factor determining the further development and timing of the full implementation of autonomous vehicles is the confidence that such vehicles will fully ensure road safety. The problem of safety for automated driving systems is quite complex and unsolved today. The article describes the safety aspects and analyzes the classification of errors of automated vehicles that cause a security threat. The list of the main mechanisms for ensuring the safety of automated vehicles necessary to ensure the maximum possible level of safety at the current level of development of automated driving technologies, identified on the basis of the analysis of methods used by leading developers, is given. The authors' concept of assessing, ensuring and effectively improving the safety level of automated vehicles at the stages of the life cycle is presented. The method proposed by the authors for the resulting assessment of safety indicators of automated vehicles during operation on public roads is given.

The processes of formation of services of intelligent transport systems (ITS) imply certain evolutionary stages in the field of traffic management (ODD). Qualitative evolution consists in the transition to dynamic design. At the moment, the digital double of ASUDD is functioning. In the field of traffic light control, the concept of a digital twin allows you to adjust the operation of traffic light objects in real time, finding effective solutions to transport problems. The next step in the evolution of the ODD is a bank of typical scenarios, which will allow you to choose the most approximate with subsequent adjustment. One of these scenarios is the transition to band-by-band management. The Service Lane tool will allow road users on public roads to receive priority. As a result, the effective functioning of the transport and road complex will be implemented by ensuring the required mobility of the population.

The problem of most road accidents is the driver's inebriated state. This problem is exacerbated in carsharing. And it is confirmed by statistics. A review of the means of restricting access to the car of drivers in a drunken state was conducted. At this point, there is no control system for drunk drivers, which was triggered by the moment the car was started and its movement in the stream. Improvements that increase efficiency and reduce cost are proposed.

The development of highly automated transport and the implementation of the Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) concept of transport mobility entail changes that are reflected in the labor market in the transport complex. The creation and implementation of complex transport systems involve the expansion of the competencies of specialists involved in the design and operation process. The article presents the world experience of changing the labor market in connection with the automation of work processes, examines the main directions of the professions market in the transport industry and identifies five market areas with which new professions relate. The authors also considered the issues of training new personnel, the need to develop new and update existing educational standards. The issue of teacher training was also touched upon, as this is a necessary condition for the implementation of new educational programs. 

Manufacturers and retailers compete with each other through supply chain efficiency. At the same time, the implementation of modern cargo handling technologies enables significant savings in financial and time resources. The successful implementation of a company's logistics operations requires optimisation in terms of planning and resource allocation at each stage of the logistics chain, including at the stage of cargo handling in terminal and warehouse complexes.

The authors have developed a concept of methodology for selecting storage and cargo handling technologies. The concept is an algorithmization of the process of selecting modern solutions based on key factors.  The article presents a detailed analysis of existing technologies and argues for the most efficient ones. The types of automation and optimisation of warehouse processes are also considered. The order of organization of analysis of cargo flows and stocks is determined; the most important indicators for determining the technology of storage and terminal processing are revealed.

The presented methodology provides the opportunity to adapt the process of technology selection for automation and optimization of warehouse processes to solve problems of a wide range of transport and logistics complexes.

Mobile workshops play an important role in the condition of increasing the requirements for minimizing the costs of maintaining operability and losses from downtime of ground transport and technological machines. However, in Vietnam, mobile workshops are used in repair enterprises very rarely. Therefore, the development of a mobile workshop for diagnostics, maintenance and repair of ground transport and technological machines optimization of the number of repair shops in Vietnam is an urgent task. This article discusses the issue of designing to ensure the operability of ground transport and technological machines in Vietnam based on the modular principle. The method of optimization of the number of mobile workshops and specialized types of technological equipment by mathematical modeling is presented. The method of mathematical modeling is more effective than other methods, which allows taking into account the complexity of the process of organizing repair work in the field. The criterion for optimizing the number of mobile workshops and specialized modules is to minimize losses from downtime of ground transport and technological machines and mobile workshops. The calculation of the optimal number of repair stations, the number of specialized modules for the maintenance and repair of engines and hydraulic systems was carried out for a fleet of single-bucket excavators in the northern region of Vietnam.

The article presents the methodology and results of experimental studies of the parameters of the torque converter to determine the axial forces acting on the supports of torque converters with a centripetal turbine. During the experiment, the values of axial forces without discharge holes in the turbine wheel disk were determined, it was revealed that the axial forces in this torque converter reach a significant value, which can negatively affect the performance of the torque converter. To reduce the axial forces in the hub of the turbine wheel of the torque converter, the influence of the discharge holes made in the disk of the turbine wheel on the magnitude of the axial forces was estimated, studies have shown that the discharge holes significantly reduce the magnitude of the maximum axial forces, while maintaining the qualitative dependence of the axial forces for different revolutions, pressure and temperature. For each of the stages, the complete control external characteristics of the torque converter were removed.

The results of a theoretical study of the effect of synthesis gas additives to gasoline on the flame propagation velocity in the combustion chamber of a rotary piston engine are presented. The study was carried out using a mathematical model of the flame propagation process in the combustion chamber of a rotary piston engine, taking into account all the features of the geometry and gas dynamics of this type of engines, the effect of free hydrogen additives on the normal flame propagation velocity and the duration of the induction period during spark ignition. The model allows you to determine the propagation velocity of the flame fronts from two spark plugs, both in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the combustion chamber. The patterns of propagation of flame fronts in the combustion chamber of a rotary piston engine when running on gasoline with additives of synthesis gas and hydrogen are obtained. The results of modeling the flame propagation process in a fuel-air mixture with hydrogen and synthesis gas additives in the working chamber of a rotary piston engine allow us to conclude that the addition of synthesis gas, as well as the addition of hydrogen, makes it possible to increase the speed of flame propagation and the completeness of fuel combustion. When the engine is running with synthesis gas additives, a change in the adjustments of the ignition timing angles is required.

Currently, sufficiently effective systems for neutralizing nitrogen oxides (NO_x) for diesel engines have not been developed. The systems used on diesel cars make it possible to obtain neutralization efficiency of 60 ... 70% on average. The designs used do not allow to increase their efficiency above what has already been achieved. With the use of modern fuel injection systems with electronic control, it is possible to implement the process of neutralization of nitrogen oxides when ammonia (NH₃) is injected into the combustion chamber at the exhaust stroke. Given that NH₃ can form NO_x during combustion, it must be fed into the diesel cylinder under certain temperature conditions. Thus, its injection at relatively low temperatures (700 ... 900°C) will contribute to the effective course of nitrogen reduction reactions from NO_x.

The article discusses an experimental method for determining the moment of resistance forces of an internal combustion engine. The empirical method for determining the moment of resistance forces is based on the premise that when the engine is running without an external load (different idling modes), the work of gas forces is aimed at overcoming resistance forces and changing the kinetic energy of moving parts of the engine. If the moment of inertia of the rotating parts associated with the crankshaft is known, as well as the masses and kinematics of the parts performing reciprocating and plane-parallel motion, then knowing the instantaneous angular velocity of the crankshaft, it is possible to calculate the kinetic energy of the moving parts of the internal combustion engine at any time. The work of resistance forces at a certain angular interval is defined as the difference between the work of gas forces and the change in the kinetic energy of the moving parts of the engine at this angular interval. The angular velocity and position of the crankshaft are determined based on the signal processing of the standard crankshaft position sensor. By calculating the change in the kinetic energy of the moving parts of the internal combustion engine, it is possible to find the value of the external torques acting on them, one of which is the torque from gas forces, the determination of which, based on the signal processing of the standard crankshaft position sensor, is the ultimate goal of the work.

In the article, using the example of an in-line four-cylinder engine, an algorithm for determining the moment of ICE resistance forces is considered, the data obtained as a result of two-factor experiments are approximated by a polynomial of the third degree, and the effect of torque from gas forces on the value of the ICE resistance moment obtained by the proposed method is determined.

A study was carried out using the AVL FIRE software package to assess the effect of the main parameters of the ignition portion of diesel fuel on power, fuel efficiency, maximum cycle pressure and harmful emissions of an automotive gas diesel engine. The influence of the injection advance angle and injection duration, as well as the proportion of the pilot portion of diesel fuel, has been studied. The characteristic of the injection rate of the pilot portion of diesel fuel calculated using the program for modeling the parameters of the fuel system, is presented. Calculations based on the AVL FIRE model show that a decrease in the diesel fuel injection advance angle makes it possible to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides NO_x and unburned methane CH₄. An increase in the duration of injection makes it possible to reduce NO_x and CH₄ emissions with a slight deterioration in performance parameters, and a decrease in the ignition portion of diesel fuel leads to a decrease in NO_x emissions.

Using the MADI model for calculating the 4-stroke cycle of  IC engine, the change in the effective performance of a diesel engine when it is converted into gas diesel engine and gas engines operating on lean and stoichiometric mixtures is analyzed. It is shown that when converting a diesel engine to a gas engine, the parameters of its boost system increase due to a decrease in the compression ratio. The optimal turbocharger was selected for each engine. It was found that in a rated mode, diesel and gas-diesel engines have a close effective efficiency, in a gas engine on a lean mixture it decreases by 9.3%, and in a stoichiometric one - by 13.9%. The cost of diesel fuel and natural gas per unit of heat released was calculated and it was shown that, taking into account the change in effective efficiency in a rated mode, compared to diesel engine, the fuel costs of gas diesel engine are reduced by 2.36 times, of a lean gas engine by 2.33 times, and a gas engine on a stoichiometric mixture - 2.21 times.

The article discusses the modeling of the working process of the D-245 diesel engine running on natural gas. Computer simulation was carried out using the domestic FlowVision CFD module. All stages of model building are considered. These are the creation of a geometric model, the features of setting the movement of valves and pistons, the features of adapting the computational grid and the process of burning gas fuel. The results of the calculation are presented in the form of visualization, in numerical values and in graphical form. The results are of particular value when it is possible to observe the processes of intake, compression, combustion, power stroke and exhaust in real time, as well as to evaluate the numerical values of temperatures, pressures, speeds and other parameters. Comparative analysis of combustion processes at various excess air ratios has been carried out. Relevant diagrams have been received.

The conclusions, based on the analysis of ideal thermodynamic cycles, are universal and allow to improve renal power plants, including piston ICE. Thus, the well-known dependence of the efficiency of the thermodynamic Otto cycle on the compression ratio ε is experimentally confirmed by an increase in the indicator efficiency of real engines with an increase in the ε.

Currently, a small diesel engine up to 10 kW is widely used as a universal autonomous source of mechanical energy for driving equipment for various purposes. The efficiency of a diesel engine is largely determined by the characteristics of the fuel supply system. For the most part, low-power diesel engines are equipped with traditional direct-acting, split-type fuel systems with spool control of cyclic fuel supply. Based on the experience of improving modern transport diesel engines, as ways to improve the performance of small diesel engines, one can consider increasing the fuel injection pressure into the cylinder and using electronic fuel cycling control.

Based on the results of modeling the fuel supply process, the article shows the possibility of increasing fuel injection pressures by introducing a high-pressure fuel pump with valve control of cyclic fuel supply into the fuel system of a small diesel engine of high-speed forcing.

Results of an experimental research of the average velocity of the flame distribution in the main phase of combustion using methane and gasoline and with the addition of hydrogen to these types of fuel-air mixture are presented. Evaluation of changes of the average velocity of the flame distribution is executed. Graphical dependences of the average velocity of the flame distribution which show different character of their changes for gasoline and methane from the composition of fuel-air mixture are obtained. The maximum of the velocity of the flame distribution for methane-air and methane-hydrogen-air mixtures is achieved at the excess air ratio α about 1,1 while for gasoline-air and gasoline-hydrogen-air mixtures in the α range of 0,85-0,9. Moreover, for gasoline velocity of the flame distribution is higher for the entire range of the fuel-air mixture. With the addition of hydrogen in an amount of 3 and 5 % by weight for gasoline and 5 and 10 % by weight for methane velocities of the flame distribution are increased for the entire range of the fuel-air mixture with the increase of the benefit with more the mixture is lean. For gasoline-air mixture the addition of hydrogen is more efficient than for methane at the range of α higher than 1,0.

Reduction of standardized harmful emissions from exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the directions for the development of automotive engines. But due to ever-tightening toxicity standards, ICE manufacturers have to use more sophisticated systems that directly affect the workflow, which reduces the formation of harmful emissions during the combustion process. However, the development and application of additional more complex systems leads to an increase in the cost of manufacturing and subsequent maintenance of internal combustion engines throughout the entire life cycle.

The purpose of the study is to conduct an experimental study of a gasoline engine with direct fuel injection and the use of a turbocharger to assess the possibility of reducing standardized harmful emissions by increasing the injection pressure and optimizing of the start of fuel injection (SOI).

The tests were carried out on a FEV dyno measuring motor bench designed for testing internal combustion engines with a power of up to 800 kW. The reliability of the data obtained is confirmed by the use of modern measuring equipment and processing of the results. The result of the optimization of the SOI and an increase in the fuel injection pressure of a gasoline internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection and turbocharging was: a decrease in the calculated concentration of suspended particles over the entire range of engine operation conditions by an average of 42%; reduction of hydrocarbon emissions over the entire range of engine operation by an average of 7,7%; emissions of oxides of nitrogen and carbon are slightly dependent on the optimization of the SOI and increasing the injection pressure; there was a decrease in specific effective fuel consumption by 17% at low torque up to 200 Nm and crankshaft speed up
to 4000 min^-1.

The all-Russian physical culture and sports complex of the TRP is the program and normative basis of physical education and physical fitness of the population from the moment of its formation to the present. The historical analysis of its changes and improvements in various periods of the development of our state is of great importance in understanding its importance for the formation of physical and moral qualities of people of all ages, strengthening their health, increasing labor activity and readiness to defend the Motherland. This analysis is especially important within the framework of the changes that have occurred in the TRP since March 23, 2023, when new steps were introduced and standards and requirements were adjusted. It is extremely important to analyze the activities carried out to popularize and more widely introduce the TRP complex among all segments of the population and especially young people.

Numerous medical and biological studies prove that both physical development and physical fitness are directly related to human health, the state of all his body systems and the development of physical qualities. Monitoring of physical condition parameters is an important part of the process of physical education, it is especially important to monitor the physical condition and level of physical fitness of students of the specialties of ACS, ITS, CUS, whose lack of motor activity is associated with constant work at the computer and prolonged sitting in a sitting position, which often leads to cardiovascular disorders and respiratory systems, changes in the musculoskeletal apparatus, primarily to various curvatures of the spine, stagnation in the pelvis and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the results of monitoring, recommendations can be made to improve physical fitness for both students themselves and teachers conducting physical education classes.

This article is devoted to the review of certain tax paradoxes that can be observed in the world tax practice. At the beginning, the authors give a clear definition of taxes, indicate the size of tax rates, and then compare their application in the economy of different states. Paradoxes, according to the authors, arise in the tax systems, as a rule, of those states that should be attributed rather to the rich. The conclusion of such paradoxes should be considered the uselessness of taxes in general or very low tax rates, while in very poor states, almost every year the types of property that, according to the governing bodies of these countries, are trying to pass off as luxury goods in order to collect more taxes are reviewed.

The development of small enterprises is an urgent economic task at the present stage. The conditions in which we had to develop in the last 2 years have severely affected the financial capabilities of existing and potential entrepreneurs. During this period, the structure of the types of activities that small and medium-sized businesses are engaged in has changed significantly. A sharp restriction in investment opportunities forces us to look for new forms with which to open or reformat existing small businesses. One of these forms should be recognized as investment franchising.