The paper examines the influence of benzohydrogen-air mixtures on the operating processes of internal combustion engines (ICEs) and on the energy performance of motor vehicles. Benzohydrogen-air mixtures, formed by combining hydrocarbon fuels with atmospheric air, play a crucial role in the combustion process, significantly affecting the efficiency and environmental friendliness of ICEs. The paper analyzes the mechanisms of such mixtures formation, their properties, and the factors influencing their flammability and calorific value. Special attention is given to the influence of the mixture component ratio on the combustion kinetics and the formation of harmful emissions. The paper presents the results of studies showing how changing the mixture composition can improve or degrade the engine's power and efficiency. The optimal operating modes have been identified to achieve maximum energy performance while minimizing the negative impact on the environment. The paper also discusses ways to improve the mixture control system in order to improve the engine's performance. The relationship between the characteristics of gasoline-hydrogen-air mixtures and the development of fuel efficiency technologies is an important aspect in the context of the growing environmental requirements for vehicles.

This article presents the results of a VAZ-21126 engine exhaust system calculation using the FlowVision software. The influence of wave processes in the exhaust system on cylinder exhaust gas purification is examined. A modified exhaust manifold (4-2-1) was calculated and designed using empirical relationships. Wave processes have a positive effect on the residual gas coefficient in the cylinder. The study resulted in a 6.7% reduction in pressure after the exhaust valve. The results of the calculation of the filling coefficient (η_v) based on the external speed characteristic (from 1000 min^-1 to 4000 min^-1) are presented; it increased from 2.5 to 4%. Thus, engine power can be increased solely by changing the shape of the exhaust manifold. The economic effect of using this system is also calculated.

Abstract. The article examines the evolution of the Wankel rotary engine from the first patents of the 1920s–1950s to modern niche applications. The advantages and disadvantages of the design are presented, including high power density, low vibration, and smooth operation, along with poor fuel efficiency and increased exhaust toxicity. Key milestones in the technology’s adoption by the automotive industry (NSU, Mazda) and its role in motorsports (Mazda 787B victory at Le Mans in 1991) are described. New applications for rotary engines in 2026-2030 are highlighted: hybrid powertrains (range extenders), hydrogen engines, marine propulsion, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Based on market data analysis, the author concludes that interest in the technology is reviving in specialized segments, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 6.5% until 2032.

The article examines the relevance of using modeling of the working process of an engine with spark ignition and direct injection of gasoline into the cylinder. The purpose of this work is to improve the method for studying the working process of an engine with spark ignition and direct injection of gasoline into the cylinder. Experimental studies were conducted using a software and computational complex to verify models and obtain dependencies. A comparison of experimental data and calculations showed a good level of convergence between the model and the experiment, which confirms the accuracy of the model and the obtained dependencies.

The article discusses modern methods for improving the efficiency of gas engines running on a depleted fuel-air mixture. A comprehensive analysis of the key factors influencing the combustion process, environmental and economic indicators has been carried out. Special attention is paid to innovative approaches to optimizing the workflow, including precision control of the mixture composition, the use of combined boost systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the use of advanced high-energy ignition systems. A detailed review of the latest scientific research and experimental data confirming the effectiveness of the proposed technical solutions is presented. Based on the analysis, recommendations have been formulated on the selection of optimal workflow parameters for various operating modes. Experimental results and a mathematical model of a gas engine based on experimental data are also presented.

The results of comparative tests of a spark-ignition engine are presented, in which natural gas was injected directly into the cylinder during different phases of the power cycle: during the intake stroke and, in the second case, during the compression stroke. The comparison was based on the cycle work, the values of which were determined by analyzing the indicator diagrams recorded during the tests. A description of the test bench and the measuring equipment used is provided. It was found that, within the investigated range of partial loads, supplying gas to the cylinder during the compression stroke allows the cycle indicator work to be increased
by 5–7%. It is noted that when gas is supplied during the intake stroke, the air filling of the cylinders is lower than at the same throttle valve position and gas supply during the compression stroke. It is shown that the observed decrease in air flow is due to a reduction in cylinder vacuum resulting from the supply of natural gas into the cylinder volume through the injector. The assumption that the observed higher combustion rate during gas injection in the compression stroke is due to the influence of the gas jet injected during the compression stroke on the turbulence parameters in the combustion chamber is substantiated.

The paper addresses the enhancement of gas joint sealing integrity in a boosted medium-speed diesel engine with a suspended-type cylinder liner design. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various supplementary cooling strategies for the cylinder head and to perform a comparative analysis. As a result of three-dimensional finite element analysis, temperature fields of the cylinder head–liner assembly, including the gas joint region, were obtained. Various methods of cooling the high-temperature zone were compared, and conclusions were drawn regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of their application. Recommendations are provided for reducing temperatures in the gas joint area and improving its operational reliability under engine boosting conditions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the prospects of adapting the technology of sandwich-laying of composite materials from aircraft engineering to automotive engineering. The key advantages of sandwich structures are considered, including a high stiffness-to-mass ratio, which is critical for modern vehicles in terms of increasing energy efficiency and reducing fuel consumption. The main components of sandwich panels, such as skins and cores, are highlighted, as well as the possibilities of optimizing them for the automotive industry, including the selection of materials, variation of layer thicknesses, and core structures. Based on the analysis of aviation experience, the economic and technical feasibility of implementing these technologies in the automotive industry has been demonstrated, especially for electric vehicles (reducing battery weight and increasing range).

Against the backdrop of rising costs of conventional energy carriers and the development of power supply infrastructure for electric vehicles, optimizing powertrain parameters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles has become increasingly relevant. This study substantiates an approach to determining the rational capacity of a traction battery based on the analysis of real-world operating conditions, ensuring a maximum share of all-electric driving while minimizing total costs over the vehicle's life cycle. The research involves statistical processing of daily mileage data and examines the impact of climatic factors on seasonal fluctuations in energy consumption. The dependence of rational battery capacity on the characteristics of individual driving cycles and other operational conditions is presented. The obtained results can be applied in the development of hybrid vehicles and in selecting traction battery parameters tailored to various operational scenarios.

The paper presents a feasibility study on replacing conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) used to drive hydraulic pumps in special-purpose vehicles with modern high-torque axial-flux electric motors featuring YASA topology. A comparative analysis of power characteristics and dimensional parameters of the two drive types is conducted. Using specific examples of municipal and road construction equipment (brush gear, dozer blades), it is shown that while maintaining the required operating power (18–50 kW), axial electric motors allow for a manifold reduction of occupied space, simplify machine layout, and enable power supply from traction batteries. The paper addresses the issues of comparative assessment of power parameters and overall dimensions of two types of drives, as well as illustrating the advantages of the new layout on typical components of special equipment. The authors conclude that it is possible to use electric motors to drive hydraulic systems of airfield, municipal, and road construction equipment, taking into account the derived comparison criteria.

The paper analyzes and reviews the scientific literature on modeling traffic conflict in the contour of intelligent transport systems. Foreign and Russian scientific articles, educational and methodological literature and regulatory legal acts have been reviewed, which have comprehensively confirmed the relevance of the task of predicting road accidents. In addition to the general relevance analysis, the field of research within the subject area is defined, namely the definition of locally homogeneous typological segments of expressways. In the role of such segments, it is proposed to use the previously developed classification of 6 types of segments: overrun, fusion zone, deviation zone, sequential fusion zone, sequential deviation zone, and zone after deviation before fusion. It is important to note that the zone of influence of each segment is different, depending on both the specific type and the traffic parameters in a particular section of the network. It will be possible to make a further conclusion about the segment's area of influence based on calculations of the uniformity of conflict.

The article is devoted to monitoring of efficiency as a key tool for the development of transport plans and programs, including the introduction of intelligent transport systems (ITS). The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to develop scientifically substantiated objective functional indicators for the assessment of ITS, focused on the needs of users, including with reference to international experience. The study analyzes international initiatives, including the UNECE activities to revise the ITS roadmap for 2021-2030, as well as the practices of leading countries and unions. The article analyzes international experience in assessing the effectiveness of ITS (EU, USA, China), including regulatory documents, key performance indicators (KPIs), and methodologies. It identifies common strategic criteria for assessing ITS, such as traffic efficiency, technological indicators, safety, environmental friendliness, and financial and logistical efficiency. The paper presents a comparison of the KPI assessment areas in these countries based on these parameters. It identifies the shortcomings of existing approaches, such as the lack of assessment of ITS on toll roads and the weak development of social efficiency in urban agglomerations. The results of the study will enable the adaptation of international experience to create a regulatory framework in Russia with a system of indicators for the effectiveness of ITS at the local, regional, and federal levels, taking into account national specifics.

This article examines approaches to analyzing and optimizing routes operated by transport companies, as well as modern methods and techniques for organizing them. A significant lack of modern scientific research aimed at modernizing and optimizing enterprise logistics systems through modeling has been identified. Key problem areas in the current logistics management systems of real-life transport industry enterprises were identified. A set of measures for modernizing logistics systems has been developed, formal criteria for assessing the effectiveness of such measures (an integrated problem indicator, expected savings from implementing a TMS system, and expected costs per vehicle trip) have been proposed, and boundary conditions have been specified. A quantitative assessment of the economic efficiency of implementing the proposed measures for a real-life enterprise was conducted. The results of the study can be used to justify investments in digital monitoring and routing technologies.

The permeability property of asphalt concrete pavements is insufficiently studied, however, recent studies in the field of road construction prove that the degree of manifestation of this property significantly affects the operational durability of road structures. The study carried out by the authors demonstrates a direct relationship between the content of air voids in the structure of the material and the degree of its compaction. A significant content of air pores leads to an increase in permeability, which catalyzes the processes of premature aging of bitumen binders, the formation of cracks and adhesive damage. The article analyzes the influence of technological parameters of compaction on the formation of the internal structure of asphalt concrete, and estimates the correlation between the relative density of the material and its mechanical characteristics. The results of laboratory tests are presented, confirming that the choice of the sealing process helps to reduce permeability and increase the track resistance of coatings. Quantitative relationships have been established between the content of air voids and indicators of crack resistance, frost resistance, and the modulus of stiffness of the material.

An innovative method of automated processing of test results of the effectiveness of intelligent driver assistance systems (Advanced Driver-Assistance System – ADAS, Driver Control Assistance Systems – DCAS) is proposed. Two approaches have been developed to determine the moment when the target visual signal is triggered: an approach based on the analysis of brightness changes in specified areas of the frame and a method using convolutional neural networks. Examples of the technical implementation of these approaches are given. A comparison of approaches in terms of accuracy, processing speed, and resistance to environmental conditions has been performed. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by the example of processing the test results of the effectiveness of the front collision warning system. It has been found that the neural network approach provides greater accuracy in detecting the target image than the approach based on the analysis of brightness changes in specified areas of the frame.

The article is devoted to the analysis of economic losses of motor transport enterprises arising from the operation of tires with deviation from the standard pressure (lower or higher). The work establishes a direct relationship between the decrease in pressure (in particular, by 20%) and accelerated wear of tires, which leads to their premature failure and, as a result, inefficient financial costs. Recommendations for tire operation are given, aimed at minimizing losses and increasing traffic safety. The assessment of financial losses due to tire pressure deviations is based on the calculation of additional fuel costs and accelerated tread wear. Under-inflated or over-inflated tires increase rolling resistance, which increases fuel consumption by 1-3% and reduces tire life, creating significant economic losses for vehicles. Following the recommendations for maintaining tire pressure will help to achieve greater stability in this parameter, which will have a positive impact on the car owner's budget. 

This article analyzes the current situation, where, in a dynamically changing world, there is a risk of misunderstanding or distorted interpretation of current events. This may be due to several factors. Firstly, the complexity and multifaceted nature of modern challenges require in-depth analysis, which is not always available in the short term. Secondly, the subjectivity of perception – differences in experience, cultural attitudes, and values can arise. Third, the conservatism of established norms and stereotypes sometimes hinders the timely adaptation of one's worldview to rapidly changing realities. Worldview serves as a stable position that helps navigate the transformations of the modern world. This article analyzes types of worldviews, with particular attention to the specifics of mythological worldviews. The author highlights the factual and sensual nature of the mythological worldview, which allows myths to easily become part of a person's life. The author uses the works of writers who create their own fantasy worlds as examples of myths. The article highlights the danger of mindless and unreflective perception of information provided by modern foreign media, as well as the difficulty of determining the truth in such a situation. Drawing on the ideas of A. F. Losev about myth, the author explores the role of myth in shaping traditional perceptions of the world and the significance of these perceptions in the current historical context.

Тhis article examines the teaching of jurisprudence (a civil law specialization) in Russian universities today. The author demonstrates how legal knowledge positively influences students' behavior, their understanding of the current situation, and the consequences that accompany young people in their lives. The author shares her experience introducing a new course, «Fundamentals of Russian Statehood» in which the section «Political Structure of Russia» is inseparable from knowledge and understanding of the legitimacy of power. The author discusses the current situation, where the international situation poses a threat to our country and a mental war has been declared against us. In this situation, ignorance of the laws and the consequences of criminal acts can lead to irreversible consequences. The author cites the example of Andrei Medvedev's film «Betrayal» which focuses on several cases of criminal acts committed by young people, partly due to ignorance of the legal consequences of their actions. Тhe author believes that teaching the relatively new subject «Fundamentals of Russian Statehood» is designed to minimize such cases. The author emphasizes the need to develop not only legal literacy but also personal beliefs that will help young people in the future.