This study presents the characteristics of a spark-ignition internal combustion engines 4CH 7.6/7 and 4CHN 7.6/7 (SI engines 4CH 7.6/7 and 4CHN 7.6/7) when converting from gasoline to ammonia. Ammonia is a promising fuel due to its low cost, unlimited raw material base, availability and ease of storage under normal conditions. With complete combustion of ammonia, only one harmful component is formed - NOx, and in small quantities, since the combustion temperatures of ammonia-air mixtures are relatively low and there are practically no products containing carbon compounds, which are the main causes of the greenhouse effect. High octane number (RON=130) makes ammonia suitable for engines with high compression ratios or high boost pressure to improve engine efficiency, as its resistance to detonation is higher than that of gasoline. The results show that when converting from gasoline to ammonia at the external speed characteristic (ESC), the maximum torque M_e on the ESC increases by 15.8 %, the maximum power N_e on the ESC increases by 11,3 % (compared to the operation of 4CH 7.6/7 on gasoline in terms of ESC). The specific fuel consumption of ammonia is almost 2.5 times higher than that of gasoline. This is due to the lower volumetric energy density and lower calorific value of the ammonia-air mixture compared to gasoline. The increase in the total amount of NO_x in the exhaust gases during combustion of ammonia compared to gasoline is due to the higher maximum temperature of the cycle. The proportion of detonating fuel in gasoline is significantly higher than that of ammonia. Due to the high auto-ignition temperature and low laminar combustion rate of ammonia, the optimal ignition timing is 60 ͦ bTDC at n = 2000 min^-1, full throttle opening and α = 1.0. Increasing the compression ratio or combining the use of the Miller cycle for turbocharged engines helps improve engine performance such as power, torque and efficiency; reduction of specific fuel consumption.

The article analyzes the production process of repairing hydraulic hammers and shows that in conditions of diversified production, the use of unified technological processes combining the principles of centralized repair according to technical condition (CRTS) and modular technology is effective. The peculiarity of the use of modular technology in the repair of machines and their components is noted, when it is necessary to form defect modules and match them with methods for restoring the properties of products. Based on the information collected on the volume and content of work on the repair of the Impulse 120 hydraulic hammer, defect modules, technological modules and 4 technological repair routes were developed, which reduced costs by 15% compared with a single repair technology.

In recent years, the transport infrastructure and road networks in our country have been rapidly developing: existing city roads, modern chords and high-speed highways are being reconstructed and new ones are being built. In the process of building roads from asphalt concrete mixture, material handlers are increasingly used. This article considers the change in the temperature of the asphalt concrete mixture when interacting with the receiving hopper of the material handler. The theoretical aspects of increasing the temperature when using a material handler are considered, and a full-scale model is proposed to confirm the theoretical aspects of increasing the temperature of the asphalt concrete mixture when interacting with the material handler during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements. Experimental studies were carried out, for which a test program and methodology were prepared, a full-scale model of the receiving hopper and a road section were made to obtain reliable results. Based on the results of the study, the authors proposed recommendations for transferring asphalt concrete mixture from the body of a dump truck to the receiving hopper of an asphalt paver. Compliance with the technology of reloading asphalt concrete mixture with a reloader is the most important factor contributing to maintaining the temperature regime and quality of paving.

The article discusses the stability of road trains with four-wheel drive tractor-trailers during braking. The existing methods of ensuring the stability of braking of road trains with non-four-wheel drive tractors in relation to road trains with four-wheel drive tractor vehicles are ineffective, due to the fact that they have a number of significant design features that do not allow them to distribute the results of the studies carried out on road trains with non-four-wheel drive tractor vehicles.

The authors propose a methodology for calculating the indicators of braking stability of road trains with four-wheel drive tractor vehicles, which is based on the possibility of taking into account the patterns of distribution of braking torque by methods adopted in the theory of force flow with differences in the implementation of braking forces on tractor wheels.

The article presents a calculation method based on a combination of the particle swarm method (PSO) and the finite element method (FEM), such a combination will best optimize the design characteristics of hexapods. With the help of this technique, detailed modeling will be possible, and the integration of FEM into the optimization process based on MRF will create conditions for a systematic and comprehensive way to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the hexapod. Also, thanks to the introduction of FEM analysis into the MRF optimization cycle, the algorithm can effectively explore the design space, guided by performance reviews obtained as a result of detailed structural analysis. This combination of MRF and FEM makes it possible to determine the optimal design parameters of the hexapod that meet the required performance criteria, such as weight and stiffness, taking into account the main design features of the robot.

The concept of the calculation method will be able to realize the full potential of the hexapod technology by using the strengths of the FEM in detailed structural analysis and the effectiveness of the MRF method in optimization, this will expand its application in various industries.

The article considers methods, algorithms and models that make it possible to form a reasonable choice of design parameters and operating modes of the wheeled propellers of the planetary rover chassis to increase cross-country ability and mobility when moving on loosely connected ground in conditions of reduced gravity. The analysis of the operation of planetary rovers on the surface of Mars, as well as the results of ground-based experimental testing of the landing gear and wheeled propellers of planetary rovers in imitation of reduced gravity, is presented. Based on the results of experimental studies, the reasons for the decrease in the adhesion of the wheeled propellers of planetary rovers with loosely bonded soil in conditions of reduced gravity are described. Models and an algorithm for selecting the design parameters of the ground hooks of wheel thrusters to increase the adhesion of the wheel thrusters of the planetoid when moving on loosely connected ground are presented. Models and a law for controlling the distribution of power supplied to the wheeled propellers of the planetary rover chassis when moving on loosely connected ground in conditions of reduced gravity have been developed. The results presented in this paper make it possible to increase the patency and mobility of the landing gear of planetary rovers when moving in conditions of loosely bonded soil and low gravity.

The article discusses a scientific and methodological approach to solving the problem of studying the dynamics of interaction of a planetary rover's wheeled propulsion system with weakly bound soil when simulating reduced gravity, which ensures the completeness and reliability of the results of experimental studies of driving characteristics under reduced gravity. A mathematical model is proposed for the dependence of the adhesion coefficient on the slip coefficient of a planetary rover’s wheeled propulsion system when moving on loosely-bound soil under reduced gravity conditions, based on the results of analysis of planetary rover operation on the surface of Mars, the results of experimental studies of wheel interaction with loosely-bound soil under various methods of reduced gravity simulation, and models of wheeled propulsion system interaction with the supporting surface used for ground vehicles. The design of bench equipment for studying the interaction of wheeled propulsion systems with loosely-bound soil under reduced gravity simulation by weightlessness and scale modeling is presented. The results of experimental studies of wheeled propulsion system interaction with loosely-bound soil, obtained at the Affiliate of Lavochkin Association in Kaluga, are presented. An approach to simulating reduced gravity in experimental studies of wheeled propulsion system interaction with loosely-bound soil is proposed, which ensures the completeness and reliability of experimental research results.

Hexapods, or six-legged parallel manipulators, are used in many areas requiring high precision and stability, such as aerospace engineering, medical devices and robotic systems. Their performance and reliability can be improved by developing the most accurate models and optimizing them. The article presents a new approach using a combination of PSO and FEM to optimize the design characteristics of hexapods. It is expected that this study will help to improve the accuracy, efficiency and overall performance of the hexapod by using the capabilities of the PSO to optimize the FEM and for detailed modeling. In this study, the finite element method and particle swarm optimization methods will be integrated to optimize the design characteristics of the hexapod robot.

It is assumed that the integration of the FEM model into the PSO-based optimization process will provide a systematic and comprehensive way to improve the accuracy, efficiency and overall performance of hexapod robots. The solution concept should be able to realize the full potential of hexapod technology by using the strengths of FEM in detailed structural analysis and the effectiveness of the PSO method in optimization, which will expand its application in various industries.

The article considers planning of excavator working equipment trajectories in the workspace based on straight lines, cycloids, catenaries and B-spline functions. A mathematical model for the formation of B-splines is described. The described mathematical models are implemented in the developed software package. A method is given for the transition from the coordinates of the trajectory points in the working space to the values of the generalized coordinates in the configuration space and for determining the law of motion of the system along the given curves of the working space by finding the values of the change in the generalized coordinates, angular velocities and accelerations, which are the input data for solving the inverse problem of dynamics. It is concluded that the proposed method can be the basis for analyzing energy costs during the movement of working equipment along trajectories of various shapes, taking into account the method for solving the inverse kinematics problem and the requirements and restrictions imposed on it, as well as for developing algorithms for optimizing energy costs.

A significant part of modern passenger cars is equipped with plug-in all-wheel drive control systems, which ensure their increased cross-country ability, controllability, and safety. In this regard, the issue of maintaining the technical condition of these systems at the proper level both during operation and during their testing during production and expertise becomes urgent. This requires methods and means of determining the technical condition, as well as diagnostic parameters. In the course of the work, the results of an analytical and experimental study of the relationship between the parameters of the technical condition of a car with an AWD system with a Haldex II clutch and the main parameters of its functioning on a stand with running drums are presented. The revealed patterns allowed us to substantiate the diagnostic parameters of the system under consideration.

The article provides an overview of technologies for using watering equipment in the summer. Technological schemes for the processes of irrigation, aeration, washing and watering of road surfaces and green spaces are considered. Recommendations are given on the operating parameters of the equipment and the speed of movement of the watering machine. The choice of technological operation depends on the ambient temperature, dust content, and types of contamination of the chute area. Particular attention is paid to the amount of use of machinery and its equipment in road maintenance technology in the summer. The author provides the terminology of processes associated with the summer maintenance of hard surfaces. The novelty of the material lies in the introduction of new terms and concepts, as well as in defining the technical characteristics of the operations and equipment used in the complex for removing dust and dirt from hard surfaces. As a result, the author provides a matrix of technical characteristics with recommendations on technical modes and the amount of special equipment for performing various types of watering operations depending on the tasks assigned.

Traction dynamics is one of the primary operational properties for all vehicles, including special-purpose road trains. Having analyzed the history of the emergence and development of the traction-dynamic calculation methodology, the authors came to the conclusion about the relevance of its further improvement. The article lists new tasks facing the traction-dynamic calculation, in particular, accounting for the mass distribution along the axles of a road train when moving uphill, standardization of longitudinal slopes of highways, calculation of the capacity of the road transport network, determination of the increment of longitudinal acceleration when shifting gears, calculation of instantaneous acceleration, calculation of the dynamics of a heavy-duty road train with activation of the trailer wheels. The authors note that the main disadvantages of the traditional methodology lie in the accepted assumptions and the graphical method of constructing curves. To solve these problems, it is proposed to use a new iterative method for constructing an external speed characteristic and an acceleration graph.

The article deals with topical issues related to the use of artificial intelligence for the organization of traffic in order to improve transport safety and reduce congestion on highways. The smart traffic light system is described, which is focused on increasing road capacity, reducing accidents due to the system's ability to measure traffic congestion in real time and assess pedestrian congestion, based on which to choose the optimal mode of operation of a traffic light object. The importance of integrating the "smart traffic lights" system into existing traffic management mechanisms is discussed. The principle of operation of the "smart traffic light" is presented, including a description of various operating modes, and the procedure for the operation of the "smart traffic light" system is covered in detail. Both positive and negative aspects arising from the implementation of the smart traffic light system are analyzed. Keywords: artificial intelligence, automobile transport, "smart traffic light", "smart transport", traffic light object, traffic management.

One of the green logistics tools that ensures the achievement of the goals of the concept of sustainable development of the Russian transport system is the use of piggyback technology. Its organization requires the creation of infrastructure facilities in terminal logistics centers that provide transport services necessary for the interaction of the involved modes of transport. Such facilities include road transport service company that prepare piggybacks for rail transportation. The concept of organizing piggyback transportation provides that the creation of such enterprises is the prerogative of private investors. The condition for private financing is the development of business plans and their economic assessment, which requires determining the technical and operational parameters of the facility. The purpose of this work is to verify the calculated process parameters and determine the values of the operational parameters of road transport service company. The research method is the AnyLogic software environment used for simulation modeling of the process of technical preparation and inspection of road vehicles in the service area. The use of a simulation model that takes into account the random nature of the arrival of cars justifies the need for a threefold increase in the territory intended for placing cars awaiting service. The results of the work show the feasibility of the integrated use of analytical and simulation models, which allow expanding the list of parameters of road transport service company, determined during the development of business plans and project preparation of production.

The current level of development of the country's economy requires significant changes in the legislative and regulatory field to maintain inventive activity. The current requirements of transformation in the field of investment of intangible assets are designed to solve the problems that have arisen due to objective circumstances in this part of economic activity. The solution of the task of overcoming the existing negative consequences, which is vital at this stage of the country's development, lies in the development and adoption of economic approaches taking into account market conditions of functioning. The experience of the past years allows us to outline the path of development and expansion of activities related to the investment of created intellectual property objects (for the owner – intangible assets). The activities of individual business representatives represented by large companies allow us to draw conclusions about the high prospects and sufficient economic efficiency of increasing internal activity in the field of innovation and ingenuity. Ensuring the development of the country's economy can be closely linked to improving the existing investment mechanism in this area.

The article analyzes the impact of the organization of office work on the effective activities of small enterprises in the field of road freight transportation. Data on the increase in the volume of transported goods by road in recent years and on the expansion of the activities of small enterprises in this area are shown. The main problems related to management aspects in the work of personnel and document management faced by small businesses operating in this area are also described. Recommendations are proposed to improve the organization of office work.

The theoretical foundations of the formation of objective self-esteem are considered, indicators of factors of physical and psychological capabilities of the human body are analyzed (using the example of indicators of MADI students) in the process of practical physical education and sports classes during the test and examination session.