The article examines the most important institutions of the science of "Political Science": political power, political and state regimes, political democracy, oligarchy ,authoritarianism, imitation democracy and electoral democracy. The authors made an attempt to characterize the political processes in the post-Soviet countries (except for the Baltic States and the Russian Federation), to show the reasons. conservative modernization, the establishment of authoritarianism and ethnocratic, oligarchic regimes in a large part of the states. The experience of 30 years of independent political development in these countries has not led, unfortunately, to the establishment of democratic norms, institutions and culture of citizens, political pluralism and ideological diversity, which is associated with serious conflicts, open confrontation of political forces in these countries, the development of radicalism, nationalism, separatism and political instability in general. The authors have chosen the parliamentary and presidential elections as the most important frontiers of the transit of power and the legitimization of the new regime of political domination in the states under consideration.